The Scholarship
The scholarship behind the Library
A working bibliography of the credible, peer-reviewed and primary sources behind this reference library — excavation reports, journal articles, monographs and critical editions on Tarsus, Cilicia and the Apostle Paul. Each entry gives a full citation, its institution, its access status and a one-line summary, with a link to read where one is openly available.
The published scholarship behind this Library
Recurring scholars in the bibliography
Hetty Goldman · Mark Wilson · Alice-Mary Talbot · Arabella Cortese · Asli Ozyar · Mehmet Kurt · S. Arici
Institutions represented
Bryn Mawr College · Archaeological Institute of America · Bogazici University (Tarsus-Gozlukule project) · Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University · Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton · Mersin University · Asia Minor Research Center, Antalya · Koc University AKMED, Antalya · LMU Munich · Tyndale House, Cambridge · University of Nebraska-Lincoln · University of South Africa · University of Tuebingen · Yale University · Augustana-Hochschule Neuendettelsau · Australian Catholic University · Cukurova University · Dokuz Eylul University · Duke University · Ecole Biblique, Jerusalem · Ege University · Firat University · Istanbul University · Purdue University · Turk Tarih Kurumu (Turkish Historical Society) · UNESCO World Heritage Centre · University of Aberdeen · University of Cincinnati · University of Graz · University of Manchester · University of St Andrews · University of Utrecht
These scholars and institutions are cited for their published work, catalogued entry by entry in the bibliography below. Citation does not imply endorsement of, or affiliation with, this Library.
Tarsus and Gozlukule archaeology9 works
Hetty Goldman (ed.), Excavations at Gozlu Kule, Tarsus, Vol. I: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Princeton University Press, 1950.
BookBryn Mawr College and the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
The definitive publication of the only deep stratigraphic excavation of ancient Tarsus, at the Gozlukule mound; Volume I remains the standard reference for the city's Hellenistic and Roman pottery, small finds and stratigraphy.
Hetty Goldman (ed.), Excavations at Gozlu Kule, Tarsus, Vol. II: From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. Princeton University Press, 1956.
BookBryn Mawr College and the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Documents the continuous occupation sequence of the Gozlukule mound from the Neolithic through the Bronze Age, establishing the long prehistory beneath the later classical city.
Hetty Goldman (ed.), Excavations at Gozlu Kule, Tarsus, Vol. III: The Iron Age. Princeton University Press for the Institute for Advanced Study, 1963.
BookInstitute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Publishes the Iron Age levels of the Gozlukule mound; its mid-century phasing has since been refined by the renewed Bogazici excavations, which should be paired with it for Bronze and Iron Age dates.
Hetty Goldman, "Preliminary Expedition to Cilicia, 1934, and Excavations at Gozlu Kule, Tarsus, 1935." American Journal of Archaeology 39.4 (1935): 526-549.
PaywalledArchaeological Institute of America
The first field report of the Tarsus campaign, recording the 1934 Cilician reconnaissance that led Goldman to select the Gozlukule mound and the opening 1935 trenches.
Hetty Goldman, "Excavations at Gozlu Kule, Tarsus, 1936." American Journal of Archaeology 41.2 (1937): 262-286.
PaywalledArchaeological Institute of America
A season report on the 1936 trenches and stratigraphy at Gozlukule, issued while the excavation was in progress and ahead of the definitive volumes.
Hetty Goldman, "Excavations at Gozlu Kule, Tarsus, 1937." American Journal of Archaeology 42.1 (1938): 30-54.
PaywalledArchaeological Institute of America
The 1937 season report, documenting trenches and headline finds year by year before final publication.
Hetty Goldman, "Excavations at Gozlu Kule, Tarsus, 1938." American Journal of Archaeology 44.1 (1940): 60-86.
PaywalledArchaeological Institute of America
The last of the pre-war preliminary reports on the Tarsus excavation, closing the 1930s field seasons.
Asli Ozyar (ed.), Field Seasons 2001-2003 of the Tarsus-Gozlukule Interdisciplinary Research Project. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari, 2005.
BookBogazici University, with Bryn Mawr College
Reports the first seasons of the excavations that resumed at Gozlukule in 2001 after a sixty-year gap, applying modern interdisciplinary methods to re-read Goldman's sequence; the anchor reference for the current understanding of the mound.
Asli Ozyar et al., annual Tarsus-Gozlukule excavation reports, Kazi Sonuclari Toplantisi series, 2008 onward.
Open accessBogazici University
The running record of the ongoing Bogazici excavations, each season documenting new stratigraphic and ceramic results from Neolithic to Ottoman levels; the most current excavation evidence for the mound.
Roman Tarsus and the Cydnus5 works
Isabelle Hasselin Rous & Serdar Yalcin, "The Roman City of Tarsus in Cilicia and its Terracotta Figurines." Les Carnets de l'ACoSt 18 (2018).
Open accessAssociation for Coroplastic Studies
Studies terracotta figurines from Tarsus and Gozlukule as evidence for the religious life of the Roman provincial city, highlighting Dionysiac imagery and eastern cults among its population.
Ergun Lafli & Eva Christof, "Hellenistic and Roman Steles in the Museum of Tarsus in Cilicia (Southern Turkey)." Gephyra 12 (2015): 121-139.
Open accessDokuz Eylul University; University of Graz
A corpus study of ten funerary and votive steles in the Tarsus Museum, treating their iconography and Greek inscriptions; concrete artefact evidence for the epigraphic record of Hellenistic and Roman Tarsus.
Strabo, Geography 14.5.12-15 (esp. 14.5.13), on Tarsus as a centre of learning; trans. H. L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library 223 (1929).
Open accessHarvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library)
The foundational ancient testimony that the people of Tarsus surpassed even Athens and Alexandria in their devotion to philosophy and learning, though its students typically completed their studies and settled abroad.
William M. Ramsay, The Cities of St. Paul: Their Influence on His Life and Thought. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1907.
Open accessUniversity of Aberdeen
Ramsay's classic argument that the urban environment of Tarsus decisively shaped Paul; foundational but dated, and now moderated by later work on Paul's formation. Public domain.
Jean-Christophe Couvenhes, "Le basilikon symposion de Cleopatre a Tarse et Antoine neos Dionysos a Athenes." Presses universitaires Francois-Rabelais, 2013.
Open accessExamines the ancient literary basis for Cleopatra's banquet at Tarsus: Athenaeus of Naucratis (Deipnosophistae IV, 147e-148c) quoting Socrates of Rhodes on the table manners of Cleopatra and then Antony — the only place Athenaeus invokes this Socrates, a Greek-language Roman historian.
Cilicia: history and landscape5 works
Nicholas K. Rauh, LuAnn Wandsnider et al., Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project, season reports, 1996-2011.
Open accessPurdue University; University of Nebraska-Lincoln
A thirteen-season pedestrian survey of some 300 square kilometres of western (Rough) Cilicia that reframes the region from a pirate-coast caricature to a settled landscape with expanding Roman-era agriculture and amphora production; a model of open archaeological data.
Michael C. Hoff & Rhys F. Townsend (eds.), Rough Cilicia: New Historical and Archaeological Approaches. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013.
BookConference proceedings, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Twenty-two papers reassessing Rough Cilicia from the Bronze Age to the Byzantine period; the standard modern edited synthesis for the region's archaeology and history.
Arabella Cortese (ed.), Identity and Cultural Exchange in Ancient Cilicia: New Results and Future Perspectives. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2020.
BookColloquium, LMU Munich
Eight papers examining ancient Cilicia's multicultural identity through archaeology, coinage and epigraphy across the Roman and Byzantine periods, including its Christian monasteries and pilgrimage sanctuaries. Link is to the open review.
ANMED: News of Archaeology from Anatolia's Mediterranean Areas. Antalya: Koc University AKMED, annual since 2003.
Open accessKoc University AKMED, Antalya
A bilingual annual bulletin of preliminary reports on excavations, surveys and conservation across Anatolia's Mediterranean regions, regularly carrying the newest fieldwork news for Cilician sites.
Hamdi Sahin, "Rough Cilicia 2007: Settlement History and Epigraphic Surveys." ANMED 6 (2008): 120-129.
Open accessKoc University AKMED, Antalya
A survey report on settlement patterns and Greek and Latin inscriptions in western Rough Cilicia, illustrating the epigraphic-plus-settlement evidence behind the region's rural history.
Paul: life, citizenship and chronology14 works
Mark Wilson, "The 'Upper Regions' and the Route of Paul's Third Journey from Apamea to Ephesus." Scriptura 117 (2018).
Open accessAsia Minor Research Center, Antalya; University of South Africa
Reconstructs Paul's land routes across Anatolia, arguing the well-travelled road through the Cilician Gates was the assumed default and applying network analysis to prefer the Meander-valley route into Ephesus.
Bruce W. Winter, "Gallio's Ruling on the Legal Status of Early Christianity (Acts 18:14-15)." Tyndale Bulletin 50.2 (1999): 213-224.
Open accessTyndale House, Cambridge
Analyses Gallio's dismissal of the charge against Paul at Corinth as an intra-Jewish dispute; paired with the Gallio inscription it anchors Pauline chronology to about AD 50-52.
Peter van Minnen, "Paul the Roman Citizen." Journal for the Study of the New Testament 56 (1994): 43-52.
PaywalledUniversity of Cincinnati
Defends the historicity of Paul's Roman citizenship using papyrological and legal parallels for how provincial Jews could hold and invoke it; a direct rebuttal to the sceptical case. An author copy is posted openly.
Wolfgang Stegemann, "War der Apostel Paulus ein roemischer Buerger?" Zeitschrift fuer die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 78 (1987): 200-229.
PaywalledAugustana-Hochschule Neuendettelsau
The sceptical case that Paul's Roman citizenship is a Lukan literary construction, attested only in Acts and in tension with his manual labour, floggings and stated Tarsian citizenship.
W. C. van Unnik, Tarsus or Jerusalem: The City of Paul's Youth, trans. George Ogg. London: Epworth Press, 1962.
BookUniversity of Utrecht
The classic philological study of Acts 22:3, arguing that a fixed literary triad locates Paul's upbringing and education in Jerusalem, born in Tarsus but raised at the feet of Gamaliel; contested by scholars who stress his Greek formation.
Martin Hengel (with Roland Deines), The Pre-Christian Paul, trans. John Bowden. London: SCM Press, 1991.
BookUniversity of Tuebingen
A major reconstruction of Paul before his conversion that dissolves the sharp Tarsus-versus-Jerusalem and Hellenistic-versus-rabbinic dichotomies by documenting how Greek-speaking Jerusalem itself was.
Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology, trans. Doug Stott. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
BookUniversity of Tuebingen / Dortmund
The most rigorous treatment of early Pauline chronology, working from fixed points such as the Gallio inscription and the Aretas episode to build an absolute timeline of Paul's Tarsus and Cilicia years.
Brian Rapske, The Book of Acts and Paul in Roman Custody (The Book of Acts in Its First-Century Setting, vol. 3). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994.
BookNorthwest Baptist Seminary
A full study of Paul's imprisonments and legal status affirming the historicity of his triple citizenship (Tarsian, Roman and Jewish) within its first-century legal setting.
F. F. Bruce, Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free. Exeter: Paternoster / Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977.
BookUniversity of Manchester
A standard critical biography integrating Acts and the letters, treating Paul's Tarsian origin, Roman citizenship and Jerusalem schooling as broadly historical.
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, Paul: A Critical Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
BookEcole Biblique, Jerusalem
A methodologically careful letters-first biography that reconstructs Paul's life primarily from the epistles and treats details attested only in Acts with caution.
E. P. Sanders, Paul: The Apostle's Life, Letters, and Thought. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2015.
BookDuke University
A late-career synthesis by the architect of the New Perspective on Paul, situating the Tarsus-born, Greek-speaking Pharisee within Second-Temple Judaism.
N. T. Wright, Paul: A Biography. San Francisco: HarperOne / London: SPCK, 2018.
BookUniversity of St Andrews
An accessible narrative biography foregrounding Tarsus, the Cilician silent years, and Paul's return to his home region between conversion and the Antioch mission.
Colin J. Hemer, The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History, ed. Conrad H. Gempf (WUNT 49). Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1989.
BookTyndale House, Cambridge
A detailed defence of the historical reliability of Acts, marshalling epigraphic, geographic and administrative detail including the Gallio synchronism and the accuracy of provincial titles.
Mark Wilson, "Was Paul a Cilician, a Native of Tarsus? A Historical Reassessment." OLBA, 2003.
Open accessMersin University, Research Center for Cilician Archaeology
Reassesses the argument of Wallace and Williams that Paul, holding Tarsian citizenship by descent, "need ever have visited the city, much less lived there" — the case that ancient civic citizenship passed by descent rather than domicile, and that Paul's return to Tarsus after his call shows only that family remained there.
Early Christianity, the Solemnity and pilgrimage14 works
Mark Wilson, "Cilicia: The First Christian Churches in Anatolia." Tyndale Bulletin 54.1 (2003): 15-30.
Open accessAsia Minor Research Center, Antalya; University of South Africa
Argues from Acts 15:23 and 15:41 that organised churches existed in Cilicia earlier than elsewhere in Anatolia, planted from Paul's home base at Tarsus during the silent years, making Cilicia the cradle of Anatolian Christianity.
Wayne A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.
BookYale University
The landmark social-historical study of Pauline Christianity as an urban Greco-Roman phenomenon, framing why a diaspora city like Tarsus and the Roman provincial network mattered to the mission.
Arabella Cortese, Cilicia as Sacred Landscape in Late Antiquity: A Journey on the Trail of Apostles, Martyrs and Local Saints. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2022.
BookLudwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
An archaeological monograph reconstructing how late-antique Cilicia became a pilgrim-travelled sacred landscape, with Tarsos and Anazarbos drawing pilgrims through stories of the Apostle Paul and local saints; the strongest recent synthesis for the region.
Review of Arabella Cortese, Cilicia as Sacred Landscape in Late Antiquity. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2023.11.15 (2023).
Open accessBryn Mawr Classical Review
An independent open-access scholarly assessment of Cortese's monograph, confirming its scope and its method of integrating hagiographic texts, inscriptions and archaeology.
Wendy Mayer & Pauline Allen, The Churches of Syrian Antioch (300-638 CE). Leuven: Peeters, 2012.
BookAustralian Catholic University, Centre for Early Christian Studies
The standard catalogue and analysis of the churches and martyria of Antioch, the metropolis whose ecclesiastical province included Cilicia; grounds the jurisdiction by which Antioch's bishops oversaw Cilician communities.
Clive Foss, "Pilgrimage in Medieval Asia Minor." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002): 129-151.
Open accessDumbarton Oaks, Harvard University
Surveys the shrines, saints' cults and pilgrim routes of Byzantine and medieval Asia Minor and the monastic network that housed pilgrims; the key framing into which Cilician and Tarsus pilgrimage fits.
Alice-Mary Talbot (ed.), Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002): Symposium on Byzantine Monasticism and Pilgrimage. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
Open accessDumbarton Oaks, Harvard University
The single most useful collected volume on Byzantine pilgrimage, gathering studies on pilgrimage across the Near East and Asia Minor; the scholarly anchor for the pilgrimage page.
Alice-Mary Talbot, "Pilgrimage to Healing Shrines: The Evidence of Miracle Accounts." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 56 (2002): 153-173.
Open accessDumbarton Oaks, Harvard University
Uses Byzantine miracle collections to reconstruct why and how pilgrims travelled to healing shrines and how cults were organised, providing the evidentiary method for describing pilgrimage motivation.
Stephen J. Davis, The Cult of Saint Thecla: A Tradition of Women's Piety in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
BookYale University
The definitive study of the late-antique cult of Thekla, disciple of Paul, centred on her shrine at Seleucia in western Cilicia; reconstructs one of the great Anatolian pilgrimage centres from literary, artistic and archaeological evidence.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre, "St. Paul Church, St. Paul's Well and surrounding historic quarters," Tentative List reference 1409 (submitted 2000).
DocumentUNESCO World Heritage Centre
The official heritage-nomination record placing St Paul's Church and Well and the surrounding historic quarter of Tarsus on Tuerkiye's UNESCO Tentative List under cultural criteria (ii), (iii) and (iv); the primary authority for the site's heritage standing.
Eusebius of Caesarea, The Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols., ed. and trans. Kirsopp Lake & J. E. L. Oulton (Loeb Classical Library 153 & 265). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926 & 1932.
Open accessHarvard University Press
The standard Greek-English critical edition of the first continuous history of the Church, the principal narrative source for the apostolic period, the church of Antioch and the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul; to be read as a fourth-century witness preserving earlier evidence.
Clement of Rome, First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Clement), c. 96 CE; Greek text in the Apostolic Fathers, standard editions Loeb (ed. Ehrman, 2003) and the Ante-Nicene Fathers.
Open accessLoeb Classical Library; Ante-Nicene Fathers
The earliest surviving Christian document outside the New Testament; its chapters 5-6 give the earliest external witness to the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, a foundation for the tradition the 29 June Solemnity commemorates.
Chronograph of 354 (Filocalus), part VI: Depositio Martyrum; critical edition Th. Mommsen, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi 9 (1892).
Open accessMonumenta Germaniae Historica (Mommsen edition)
The earliest calendar entry recording a joint Roman commemoration of Peter and Paul on 29 June; the documentary anchor for the historical origin of the Solemnity, with whether the date marks death or a translation of relics still debated.
Kultur Envanteri (Cultural Inventory), "St. Paul Museum (St Paul's Church), Tarsus," heritage record.
DocumentKultur Envanteri
A structured heritage-inventory entry documenting the church-museum's location, fabric and conservation history (protected since 1993; restored 1998-2001); a heritage-documentation complement to the UNESCO nomination.
Turkish scholarship (DergiPark and theses)17 works
R. Ilhan, A. Karadas, S. Kiralli, S. Vardar & E. Oner, "Coklu Analiz Yontemlerinin Isiginda Tarsus (Berdan) Ovasinin Paleocografyasi ve Gozlukule Hoyugunun Jeoarkeolojisi." Cografya Dergisi 47 (2024): 183-203.
Open accessEge University; Istanbul University
Reconstructs Holocene environmental change on the Tarsus (Berdan/Cydnus) plain from 19 sediment cores, explaining why the once-navigable river-port has silted seaward and now lies inland.
E. Unlu, "Tarsus-Gozlukule Hoyugu Gec Tunc IIB Katmaninda Rastlanan Seramik Devamliliklari." Cedrus 4(1) (2016): 1-9.
Open accessBogazici University (Tarsus-Gozlukule project)
Examines Late Bronze Age IIB pottery at Tarsus-Gozlukule, reading continuities and breaks as evidence of regional network reconfiguration during a period of instability.
D. Slane, "Tarsus Gozlukule'nin Orta ve Gec Tunc Cagi'nda Seramik ve Mimarisi: Yeni Bir Analiz." Cukurova Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi 15(3) (2006): 1-14.
Open accessBryn Mawr College
Re-analyses the ceramics and architecture of Goldman's 1930s Gozlukule excavation, distinguishing ten architectural phases across the Middle and Late Bronze Age.
S. Soyupak & F. S. Cardak, "Tarihi Cevrede Yeni Tasarim Yaklasimlarinin Tarsus Gozlukule Kazilari Arastirma Merkezi Ornegi Uzerinden Incelenmesi." IDEALKENT 15(42) (2024): 844-870.
Open accessBogazici University
Studies the adaptive re-use of a century-old cotton-gin factory in Tarsus as the Gozlukule Excavations Research Center, informing the modern conservation and visitor-infrastructure narrative around the mound.
G. Bahadir, "Gec Antik Donem ve Ortacag'da Tarsus Tarihi." Firat Universitesi Orta Dogu Arastirmalari Dergisi 7(1) (2010): 39-60.
Open accessFirat University
Traces Tarsus as a major religious, cultural and commercial centre of the eastern Mediterranean from the Roman era into the Islamic period, noting its early-Christian prominence through Paul's mission.
E. Alkac & I. Adak, "Cilician Amphorae from the Tarsus Zeytin Pazari Excavation." Arkeoloji Dergisi 32 (2024): 85-97.
Open accessCatalogues amphorae imported to Tarsus from Cilician cities between the first and fourth centuries AD, documenting the city's regional trade connections in the Roman period and Late Antiquity.
A. Tas & A. Kara, "Strabon ve Tarsus'ta Tarih." Uluslararasi Turkoloji Arastirmalari ve Incelemeleri Dergisi 9(2) (2024): 33-43.
Open accessConnects Strabo's ancient descriptions of Tarsus as a centre of learning with its surviving monuments, including the Roman bath, waterfall and Cleopatra's Gate.
S. Arici, "Antik Cag'da Tarsus Ekonomisi." Kafkas Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi 34 (2024): 855-872.
Open accessReconstructs the economy of ancient Tarsus from prehistory to the end of the Roman period, highlighting the Cydnus River, harbour and lagoon access, Cilician-plain agriculture and textiles as its economic pillars.
D. Kaplan, "Tarsus'tan Yeni Bir Hamam: Tarsus'un Roma Imparatorluk Donemi Kentsel Dokusuna ve Kydnos'un Rotasina Iliskin Yeni Gorusler." Seleucia 8 (2018): 183-210.
Open accessMersin University
Reports bath remains found in 2017 excavations in Tarsus, refining the picture of the Roman Imperial urban layout and implying the Cydnus River's southern course ran near Gozlukule.
S. Arici & I. Gocmen, "Kydnos Nehri ve Tarsus." Arkhaia Anatolika 5 (2022): 288-304.
Open accessExamines the Kydnos (modern Berdan) River as the axis of Tarsus's ancient development, its harbour, the lagoon of Rhegma, trade and bridges, and its course change in the Byzantine period.
M. Kurt, "Ovalik Kilikya'da M.O. I. Yuzyil Roma Yonetim Olgusu ve Tarkondimotos Kralligi." Dumlupinar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 31 (2015).
Open accessAnalyses first-century-BC Roman indirect rule in Plain Cilicia through the client Tarkondimotos Kingdom as a buffer between Roman Syria and Parthia, framing the political context of Tarsus in the century Paul was born into.
M. Kurt, "M.O. I. Bin Yil Asur-Anadolu Iliskilerinde Kilikya Bolgesi." Belleten 70(257) (2006): 1-26.
Open accessTurk Tarih Kurumu (Turkish Historical Society)
Examines Cilicia's strategic role in first-millennium-BC Assyrian-Anatolian relations, showing how Assyrian kings sought the region for its trade routes and minerals; deep background for the long history of the Tarsus region.
M. Dincarslan & S. Dincarslan, "Bati Daglik Kilikya Kentlerinin Topografik Tipolojilerinin Kurulus Stratejileri Acisindan Incelenmesi." OANNES 5(1) (2023): 365-382.
Open accessBuilds a topographic typology of ancient cities in Western Rough Cilicia, elevated, riverside and coastal settlement patterns, useful for contrasting Rough Cilicia's mountain cities with Plain Cilicia's Tarsus.
M. Yildirim, "Tarsus'un Dini Tarihine Tarihsel Bir Yaklasim." Cukurova Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi 6(2) (2006): 101-122.
Open accessCukurova University, Faculty of Divinity
Surveys roughly seven millennia of Tarsus's religious landscape, foregrounding the city as the birthplace of Paul and its later Christian and Islamic associations.
I. Dolek, "The Effect of Saint Paul's Mission Travels on Christology." Antakiyat 5(2) (2022): 175-185.
Open accessArgues that Paul's missionary journeys were formative for early Christology, especially the doctrines of the crucifixion and resurrection, drawing on Acts and Romans.
F. Baser & A. Basci, "Inanc Turizmi Kapsaminda Aziz Pavlus Evinin Onemi ve Tanitim Faaliyetlerine Iliskin Ziyaretci Goruslerinin Degerlendirilmesi." Mustafa Kemal Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi 9(19) (2013): 423-443.
Open accessA survey of 385 foreign visitors assessing promotion at St Paul's House in Tarsus, finding the site functions mainly as a day-trip stop rather than an established faith-tourism centre.
S. Fidan & A. Ulvi, "Tarsus Aziz Pavlus Kilisesinin Yersel Lazer Tarama Teknikleri ile Uc Boyutlu Modelinin Olusturularak Sanal Gerceklige Hazirlanmasi." Turkiye Lidar Dergisi 4(2) (2022): 60-70.
Open accessMersin University
Documents terrestrial laser scanning of the St Paul Church in Tarsus to build a 3D model for virtual-reality heritage presentation; a conservation reference for the monument's digital documentation.